Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Various treatments are available . The skin may be tender, feel flushed, or have fang marks in the affected area. Kane County Circuit Clerk Barreiro To Hold Expungement Clinics In September. Associations & Partners Darren O'Hare. Several drag marks and an oblong perforation are also present on the left side of the frontal squama, as well as scraping drag marks close to bregma. Skeletal bones store lipids as energy reserves in areas of Available from: http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2002-6016. A pitch fork caused the marks in the victim's bones. J Forensic Sci. For keyboard Obvious patterns, such as canine puncture traces, spaces between teeth, or abnormally positioned teeth, may allow a more reliable match with the bite mark. If you notice debris embedded into the puncture wound, dont try to remove it. Thus, when a hyoid bone breaks, it's often a result of strangulation, either from an accident, homicide, or suicide. Severity of injuries depends on multiple factors, including the type of weapon and bullet and the affected body area. To hasten death, the victim sometimes had his legs broken (crurifragium); the resulting compound fracture of the shin bones may have resulted in hemorrhage and fat embolisms, not to mention significant pain, causing earlier death. [Hunting Law of feral dogs: ecological problem or unjustified killing?] Borchelt PL, Lockwood R, Beck AM, Voith VL. Wilderness Environ Med. Seek help from your doctor or go to the nearest emergency room. Death by greyhound. A puncture wound is usually narrower and deeper than a cut or scrape. Puncture wounds can easily become infected. Bending force causes butterfly fracture (triangular bone fragment that breaks away from point of impact. First, attempt to stop the bleeding by covering the wound with a clean bandage and applying gentle pressure. After that, samples of the best reproduced bite marks were excised by using a rigid ring (to minimize shrinkage), collected, and fixed in 10% formalin. A study by Fitzgerald and Cowan noted 887 patients with puncture wounds from a total of 108,648 emergency room visits by children.Reinherz et al attributed 7.4% of all lower extremity trauma that presented to the emergency room over a 12-month period to puncture wounds. Oxford: Academic Press; 2005: 7179. Ministry of Agriculture. Loosen the Victim's clothing and, if necessary, move them in to the shade. What does "organic" mean (in reference to farming)? Copyright 2023 AuroraTownship | All rights reserved. The premolars are used to grasp the prey and will produce striations on the bone. Furthermore, the sequence of consumption and disarticulation of human bodies is relatively constant and recognized: feeding usually begins at the face and neck and then moves to the thorax. Stabs and the ants left marks on the body as well 6. Ley de caza de perros asilvestrados: problema ecolgico o matanza injustificada? Why was the presence of a rare insect significant in the case? (2015, January), First aid: Cuts, scrapes, and stitches. Bite marks must be discriminated from other traumas, and the familiarity of the investigator with different patterns of animal behavior can be of great importance in the correct assessment of the offending specie. Know the symptoms and what to do if you experience them. As previously mentioned, one of the crucial points to establish the type of canine intervention is to determine the vitality of the wounds.26 Deaths resulting from natural disease, accidents, homicides, or suicides may not be detected for some time during which animal intervention sometimes can be misinterpreted, creating different scenarios. Even though there are problems involved in the preservation of evidence of crucifixion, the case of Yehohanan ben Hagkol showsthat skeletal evidence might some day give us more information about the practice. Why was the presence of a rare insect significant in the case? A ruptured Achilles tendon is not uncommon for athletes and can cause a great deal of pain. Immobilize the limb but do NOT restrict blood flow unless you are . Jarrett P. Which dogs bite? Of course, if aliens are keeping tracks . Thus, hanging was found out to be second most . Learn how we can help. (2016, July 23). They found that the nail was too short to have penetrated both heel bones and they were unconvinced that the scratch on the wrist bone was related to traumatic injury. Selective tissue impression, excision, and preservation and direct tissue comparison are also recommended under certain circumstances.1, Bernitz et al8 defined the pattern association of dog bite marks/tooth marks as the three-dimensional analysis and the comparison of the dental arch forms, arch relationships, and individual tooth features within the described canine dental arches.8 The bite mark is compared with dog maxillary and mandibular arch in shape, teeth position, and/or individual dental features. Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine 1. Infected people may suffer from fever and flu-like symptoms and . Premolars and molar markings are also common since the dogs jaw can open widely.4,9, Even though in considering that there are logical distortions of the soft tissues, the more stable patterns of the bite mark should be measured as a quality control of the procedure. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Note this was caused by a fist. Number 3099067. Note this was caused by a fist. Finally, the trunk is disarticulated and consumed.19,21 Coyotes, wolves, and domestic dogs are known to disarticulate body parts and scatter them over a wide area.21,25. (b) yellow marrow. Behind them, there is a diastema followed by a small first premolar. The alarming statistics reported around the world2,3 have shown that dog attacks today represent a health hazard where prevention strategies have not always been successful. Prevention and mitigating strategies focused on both breed-specific legislation and the legal responsibility of the owner for the dog's behavior are discussed. Stab wounds are incised wounds where the length of injury on the surface is less than the depth of penetration into the body, and are the result of a thrusting action, where the force is delivered along the long axis of a narrow, pointed object. 9. shaping_surface_activity_worksheet (1)MIGUELCOLON.doc, West Windsor Plainsboro High School South, Copy of Bonesepisode4season3viewingguide (1).docx, Lab Questions Toorale Man Murder Mystery.docx, unit 7 forensic science lab questions.docx, other unsecured non current receivables Saudi Aramco does not recognize further, NOTE2| MATH111 MOD 9 STUDY HALL FINAL EXAM.pdf, Question 2 Correct Mark 100 out of 100 Flag question Question text What kind of, 1 Stop the debugger if you havent done that yet 2 Add a new project to the, Finally in order to deal with 74 one has to use Clifford algebra thus taking us, 2 marks g Explain the difference between full backups and incremental backups 2, International economic dimensions The nature of the economy Socioeconomic, extraction to Remember The swelling is formed by oedema of the, PERMUTATION COMBINATION Question 3There are 10 consonants and 5 vowels Out of, tPA exclusion criteria for strokes A patients wife asks the nurse why her, I nvolving independent bodies may also help to increase the credibility of, Exercise 4 - Solution Sheet - FINAL DRAFT (2).xlsx, 2 Adjust the paper guides to the width of the paper To select which cassette, Corroborative Inquiry Supported by Observation Understand and document the, Mechanism Cl ROH ZnCl 2 ROZnCl 2 RCl ZnOHCl 2 H then ZnOHCl 2 H ZnCl 2 H 2 O A, the_scientific_revolution_wh_yourname (1) (1).pdf, 20 Who Released The 70s Album Entitled Trans Europe Express 1 Rammstein 2 Pink, Based on the preceding discussion, which one of these wounds was shot from farther away? When only dry bones survive, the circumstances and manner of death might be obliterated by postmortem processes; animal activity on cadavers plays a major destructive role due to the tendency of animals to dismember the body as well as damage the tissues.24 Byard mentioned that injuries caused by animals during life may be nearly undetectable but completely relevant, and postmortem damage can significantly impair the pathological assessment of bodies.26 Several authors recommend an adequate training in forensic pathology acquiring familiarity with the types of artifacts that may be introduced by animal activity.19,26, Autopsy of victims often reveals particular signs that relate directly to the dogs teeth and pattern of attack, with particular wounds and tissue avulsion.13 The injuries are represented by particular punctiform V-shaped holes and lesions presenting irregular and furrowed borders (Figure 3). Royal Decree 287/2002, of 22 March, by which develops the Law 50/1999, of December 23, on the legal regime of possession of potentially dangerous wild animals. A puncture wound is usually narrower and deeper than a cut or scrape. The flailing of limbs, rapid movements, high-pitched cries, and attempts at defense can increase the intensity of the attacks. 7. Bones - Episode 4, Season 3 "The Secret in the Soil", In no particular order, find the answers to these questions in the. Domestic dogs are recognized but unappreciated scavengers;38 when an individual dies from natural (or not animal dependent) causes, he or she becomes part of the ecological cycle and the animal may simply view the body as a source of nutrition leading to postmortem depredation with obvious but grotesque changes and mutilations.20 This apparently simple assertion may not be sufficiently interpreted by the authorities, and the dog is unjustifiably destroyed (Figure 2). 2005:6871. Both views are of the same individual. Eight lakh cases of suicides have been reported all over the world in the year 2012 and 1,34,600 suicide cases have been reported in India in the same year amongst which 41,726 (31%) were victims of hanging. Carnivora has been divided into two superfamilies, Caniformia (dog-like carnivores) and Feliformia (cat-like carnivores). Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. During the bite, you may not feel any pain at all. Our experimentally derived linear models suggest bite forces up to 5,641.19 N from cortical bone thickness estimated from puncture marks on an Edmontosaurus and a juvenile Tyrannosaurus. 1995;26(1):3741. Arterial puncture is an invasive procedure with the potential for significant complications and must be performed with priority given to the safety of the patient. Why did they originally suspect the tobacco farmer? 3. Finally, the victim was dismembered and scattered. violence or natural causes, Discontinuity travels completely through bone, Discontinuity does not go completely through bone. a. Difficulties consisted in determining whether the injuries occurred before or after death; even though self-defense injuries were not present, the histological analyses revealed hemorrhagic reactions in the cutaneous, subcutaneous, and muscle tissue confirming the vitality of the lesions. . 1997; 89(12):5764. Dorion RBJ. In association with a veterinary doctor, all the dogs were investigated (24 Cane Corso, 1 Dalmatian, and 2 German Shepherds). If the dogs are alive, anesthesia should be used for this procedure.8 Bernitz et al8 explained that claw marks should be discriminated against in the bite marks. In fact, when a dog pack is involved, each member of the gang tears at the prey, fight over the parts, and eats the meat in a substantial quantity as quickly as possible.16 It is not uncommon for victims of dog attacks to be found naked, which may falsely suggest a rape rather than a dog mauling.2,17, Attacking incidents occur most frequently around the victims home. it may have penetrated the bone and requires medical care. Only if a person had nails driven through his bones or was subject to. B3E3B2AA-07C4-45A7-840F-2FD4CD83BFE9.jpeg, Topic 3B (Animal Instincts) homework.docx, 3 explain the role of CO2 and water in photosynthesis and explain how oxygen is, Conclusion The role of the finance function is expanding and it is playing a, The finance application requires that data be retained for seven years In the, Exercise 1014 The conclusions of Exercise 945 can be extended to the case when A, SCH4U SHC of a Metal & Hess' Law (Dec 2020 using simulator).pdf, Correct third party cookie first party cookie second party cookie resource, Question 15 of 20 00 50 Points Test taking strategies are helpful for all of the, Nowadays Tan Chau artisans can produce silk of multiple colours they can meet, Which of the following conditions is true when a producer minimizes the cost of, Viroids are RNA molecules that infect and dodo not contain a capsid Plants do, 145 Downloaded by Kristen Pranks hk587432gmailcom lOMoARcPSD15607213 Studocu is. Keep the victim calm and still; movement will increase blood flow and transport the venom to the heart much faster. . Figure 2 Postmortem, near total skeletization of the exposed face and neck of an 83-year-old woman who died of ischemic heart disease. For keyboard. They were related to different dogs teeth and to the pattern of mauling with punctures and lacerations (canines) and tissue avulsion (incisors). Let's look at symptoms and treatments. The distance from the tip of one upper canine to the other on a mountain lion is usually between 1.6 and 1.75, and about 1.5 between the . Spanish. If the fastening is lost, a dog tries to thrust its head forward to seize more tissue, thus creating double or superimposed bites.9, Children are especially defenseless to mauls from domestic dogs for different motives. They create and support wound healing. Synopsis. Specific patterns of canine scavenging in indoor settings. Based on its types, some wounds caused by a dog bite are: b) Such wounds may also be caused by running over a knife, or falling upon sharp pointed objects such as broken pieces of glass. Accessed July 7, 2015. The opinions expressed in all articles published here are those of the specific author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of Dove Medical Press Ltd or any of its employees. This fracture is called a: ring fracture. The animals were confined for ~4 weeks and all their food had been consumed. Some spiders bites can cause you to feel or be sick, sweating and dizziness. (a) red marrow. The majority of bite marks were photographed and excised. The abovementioned typical hole-and-a-tear is a puncture wound (the round hole) produced by the canine tooth of either the maxilla or mandible on one side, which serves as an anchorage point, followed by shaking of the head creating tears enhanced by the cadavers body weight. Wounds are injuries that break the skin or other body tissues. Sharp-force Trauma Technically, sharp-force trauma is blunt-force trauma applied to a very small area, but, instead of causing fracture, it usually causes incision, puncture/stabbing, and chopping/hacking injuries. Accessed July 7, 2015. What happens when a fracture line hits another fracture line or suture? This helps prevent infection. It can be superficial, affecting only the surface of your skin or deep enough to involve tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bone. Lifting a hen off a nest, moving a bird from or onto a perch, or doing any kind of coop-cleaning or maintenance are instances where your skin can come in contact with your chicken's talons. Figure 3 Multiple bite marks on the neck of an 85-year-old woman in a fatal pit bull attack.Notes: The daughter of the victim indicated that the dog was provoked previously by the victim. Blunt trauma from mauling or even paw marks (when the dog tries to rouse its owner) can be misinterpreted as the result of human activity.24,26 On the other hand, perpetrators have sometimes attempted to disguise homicides by feeding the remains of victims to animals.26 Moreover, postmortem injuries from animals are usually completely incidental to the cause and manner of death.26 A fatal attack is typically repetitive, with uninhibited bites to the neck and devastating injuries to the blood vessels, the spinal cord, and to the cranium.6 Antemortem dog attacks may produce similar injuries to those arising from postmortem feeding, and a meticulous analysis of the vitality of the injuries must be performed when necessary.26, Dogs are well known for their scavenging activities; this action invariably results in serious damage to the victims body and may lead to a misdiagnosis of a brutal killing. Why did the murderer move the body to the V.A. 7. Seroma - a fluid-filled area that develops under the skin or tissue. 2010;31(2):198199. Bones - Episode 4, Season 3 "The Secret in the Soil". 2. As a result, the dogs incisors can be matched to the indentations on the plaster cast, representing a dynamic pattern of biting.8, Santoro et al16 reported a case of a 45-year-old man found dead on the ground of an abandoned military base with signs that he had been dragged. There are two types of super glue: the type you keep. False. A compound fracture is a break or crack in your bone that is visible through your skin. Both experts clarified that although the evidence in this particular case was sufficiently categorical to establish the animal species that produced the fatal attack, the poorly processed scene and the lack of complete information of the autopsy were completely irregular and could lead to wrong conclusions (the preliminary hypothesis considered that the attack was produced by a cougar or a big dog).17. Cranium fragmentation may be found but decapitation is highly unusual. How did the scientists determine that there was a second victim? Available from: http://www.leychile.cl. Treatment of Puncture Wounds in Horses. They can lead to serious nerve damage that affects many parts of your day-to-day life. The most common causes of cuts and puncture wounds are external injuries that break or tear the skin. You can learn about what data of yours we retain, how it is processed, who it is shared with and your right to have your data deleted by reading our Privacy Policy. Bitemark Evidence: A Color Atlas and Text. The nature of bitemarks. In a sharp force penetrating injury caused by a knife, what can be learned from the wound is directionality, force, blade width, and depth. A laceration is a type of open wound and its causes are basically the result of the skin hitting an object or an object hitting the skin with a force it can be through-. Bone fractures are classified by their pattern, cause and where they happen in your body. Gunshot wounds occur when a bullet hits the body, producing injuries. This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. Properly applied, first aid may mean the difference between: All of the above. Borchelt et al examined most of the animals that participated in two fatal attacks and observed them under conditions simulating those that may have elicited or contributed to the maulings.5 Among the different roles analyzed by the authors, the following are remarkable: 1) the role of hunger cannot explain all patterns of dog pack attacks; 2) once the attack has been initiated, previous histories of social facilitation of feeding could have facilitated predatory behavior by the entire pack; 3) invasion of territory can lead wild and domestic canids to attack; 4) even though the majority of dogs were extremely variable in their behavior toward strangers, all the animals had unsupervised activity and aggressive social interactions with people; 5) the presence of an estrus female can lead to aggressive competition among male dogs; and 6) the visual stimulus of moving prey seems to be one of the main triggers of attack behavior. They are small and run quickly mimicking small prey, and they are usually unable to escape from a mauling dog. A pitch fork caused the marks in the victim 's bones . Curiously, it is common for dogs to have an attitude of timidity and apprehension when researchers approach and examine them.5,7,13,17, Fonseca and Palacios mentioned that while the cause of death may be readily apparent in cases of a fatal dog attack, an understanding of how and why the attack occurred requires a complete investigation and postmortem scavenging should be excluded.17 This particular pattern of behavior can occur whenever the body is accessible to animals.12 There is a preference for visible parts of the body, and self-defense injuries are absent if the victim died from other causes.13,17 The following three main consequences may be linked to scavenging: the lesions can mimic or cover antemortem injuries, make impossible the identification of the victim, and modify substantially the scene.12. Terms & Conditions falling onto something sharp . (2015, February 4). First, stop any bleeding by covering the cut and applying gentle pressure. Apply a bandage to the cut site. What caused the puncture marks on the victim's bones? Hematoma - a blood-filled area that develops under the skin or tissue (occurring when there is internal blood vessel damage to an . They often happen because of an accident, but surgery, sutures, and stitches also cause wounds. Why was the irregular shape to the sternum of the two victims significant in the case? J Forensic Leg Med. For example, if a soldier frequently marches with a heavy pack on their back, the repeated force on their leg could . (Image used with kind permission of Joe Zias. Santoro V, Smaldone G, Lozito P, Smaldone M, Introna F. A forensic approach to fatal dog attacks. 2. How did the scientists determine that there was a second victim? B. Healed is healed: Your question is a bit confusing. The odontological examination of bite marks and DNA analysis allowed identifying the dog as the perpetrator.3, While a dog bite mark has been conceptualized as any break in the skin caused by a dogs teeth, regardless of the intention,8 the reason of biting is the Holy Grail when researchers try to explain dog bites from an ethological point of view.30 It is clear that the patterns of behavior must be conveniently discriminated according to whether or not they are responsible for the death of the victim. The role of histopathology in forensic practice: an overview. Wounds are licked in many cases and may take on a very bright and polished aspect.12,13 This pattern is accompanied by skin abrasions and superficial linear abrasions arranged parallel corresponding to claw marks, and usually present in the contour of the bite.13,16,17 There is a paucity of literature on the individualization of dog bite marks, discriminating bite marks from claw marks and their procedures.8 Bite wounds sometimes indicate characteristic tooth marks, whereas claw scratches can indicate paw size. What caused the rapid decompositions of the bodies? Kiuchi T, Matoba K, Terazawa K. Unusual injuries on the right hand and forearm caused by unidentified wild animals. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. He stood roughly 167cm tall, the average for men of this period. An appropriate forensic approach must include detailed assessment of the scene, the victim, and the animals involved. No radiating fracture lines; long bones break at right angles with flat ends; color of break different from rest of bone; David Halliday, Jearl Walker, Robert Resnick, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics. However, the real circumstances were quite different as the attacking dog (in fact, never confirmed as a pit bull) actually attacked the victims pet (an Irish Setter), and the owner suffered a sudden cardiac death while trying to separate them. They include cuts, scrapes, scratches, and punctured skin. A cut (also called a laceration) is a tear or opening in the skin caused by an external injury. Surgeons do occasionally turn two wounds into one if they need to be debrided and are too close together. These may enable not only the identification of the species responsible but also the individual animal. First, apply pressure directly to the wound. For more severe cuts or puncture wounds, immediate medical attention is necessary. Bones - Episode 4, Season 3 "The Secret in the Soil", In no particular order, find the answers to these questions in the. Bullets move in a straight line through the body, except when they hit a bone. How did the scientists determine that there was a second victim? Punctures often happen as a result of falling onto a sharp object, though . Marks made on skin (from teeth) during punching are termed 'reverse bitmarks'. 2000;217(6):836840. In some cases, puncture wounds can be excised.8, A forensic approach to a suspected fatal dog attack should include not only the detailed exploration of the victim and the dog but also the appropriate assessment of the scene. Right: The calcaneus of Yehohanon ben Hagkol, with, transfixed nail. This meant they were rarely left in the victim's heel and the holes they left might be mistaken for puncture marks. The public prosecutors office ordered the euthanasia of both animals to prevent the recurrence of this feeding behavior. Oxford: Academic Press. 27. The taxonomic order Carnivora (not referring to feeding habits but to characteristic skull shape, jaws, and teeth among others distinguishing features) consists of ~270 extant species that include many of the worlds top terrestrial predators, iconic wild animals, and mans favorite pets, including dogs and cats. A ruptured spleen can be a life threatening condition and requires immediate attention. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. What caused the puncture marks on the victim's bones? Wooden crosses dont survive, as they degraded long ago or were re-used. Puncture wounds are not the same as cuts. If you agree to our use of cookies and the contents of our Privacy Policy please click 'accept'. Vet Pathol. Forrester JA, Holstege CP, Forrester JD. Consent to give first aid must be obtained from every victim who is: All of the above. Other times cats will let their teeth do the talking, inflicting a quick but nasty bite on their unhappy targets. The other two dogs had missing or worn teeth.16, In a similar case, Pomara et al reported the fatal dog pack attack of an 83-year-old woman found unconscious outside her farm where she lived with 27 dogs.6 The victim was unsuccessfully treated at the emergency department in the nearest hospital. 2014;83(6):12451247. (a) Abrasion when skin rubs or scrapes against a rough or hard surface like in the case of a road rash. In: Dorion RBJ, editor. What caused the rapid decompositions of the bodies. Stiegler D, Gilbert JD, Warner MS, Byard RW. Cuts and puncture wounds that cause excessive blood loss or those that damage the organs can be fatal. Steadman DW, Worne H. Canine scavenging of human remains in an indoor setting. The second, third, and fourth premolars are separated and become increasingly larger. Both views are of the same individual. Bernitz et al believes that this great distortion can be adjusted only by a pattern association analysis; in fact, the physical matching of the dogs teeth to a reproduction of the bite mark can lead to this purpose as a 3D analysis. Image courtesy of Rocio Palacios, BSB, PhD(c), Andean Cat Alliance and of the Laboratory of Forensic Dentistry, Cordoba, Argentina. molded impression. Usually, the ulcer will scab over and flake off within a few weeks. Intercanine and interincisal extents on each cast were registered by using a digital caliper. Puncture wounds are not limited to the unexpected introduction of a foreign body. e.g. The authors had ethical permission to use all photographs included in this paper. Crepitus is used to describe a popping or crunching sound caused by bone or tissue rubbing, or the release of air from joint damage, infection, or puncture wounds. Pits are indentations that are inflicted by any of the teeth when grasping onto bone, whereas score marks result when the teeth are dragged along the surface of the bone. Motivation of the animal. Bitemark Evidence: A Color Atlas and Text. Fractures can also be caused by less traumatic but repeated force. All human biological evidence, including a mass of gray human head hair, a calvarium, and small fragments of long bones, were found in the main walkway of the living room between the bedroom and bathroom, and a considerable amount of animal feces covered the floors. Severe dog-bite injuries, introducing the concept of pack attack: a literature review and seven case reports. Determined by Pathologist only. Professor Henrik Druid, Gabriel M Fonseca,1 Esther Mora,2 Joaquin Lucena,3 Mario Cantin,4 1Faculty of Dentistry, Laboratory of Forensic Dentistry, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; 2Dental Sinai Hospital & Research Center, 3Forensic Pathology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine, Seville, Spain; 4Faculty of Dentistry, Doctoral Program in Morphological Science, Universidad La Frontera, Temuco, Chile Abstract: The interaction between domestic animals and humans has not been free of conflicts, and dog attacks represent a real problem, not only for the health consequences, but also for the possible criminal, and can affect the legal or financial outcomes. Injury caused to living tissue by an outside force, Bludgeons, projectiles, cutting, chopping, hard surface, chemical, extreme heat (fire), extreme cold, Medicolegal aspects for death investigation, 1) Trauma that occurred at time of death, before death or postmortem 2) Force that caused trauma; 3) Number of wounds; 4) Sequence of wounds, if multiple wounds; 5) Placement of wounds, Factors that prompt the person to 1) stop breathing and 2) the heart to stop beating.
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